Attention Deficit
Hyperactivity Disorder

By Brandon Riesenmy M.D.
Board Certified Psychiartist

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition affecting millions of Americans. Historically, ADHD has been considered a disorder of children but it is now widely recognized as a problem for some adults also. In recent years, several new medications have been developed which have proven to be quite useful in alleviating the symptoms of ADHD. Over the years, there has been controversy over the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD; however, current biological evidence clearly demonstrates the legitimacy of the diagnosis and treatments have been proven to be effective. There appears to be a tendency for ADHD to run in families.

Two brain chemicals appear to be involved in the underlying mechanism of ADHD, namely Dopamine and Noradrenaline. These chemicals are involved with attention, concentration, control of hyperactivity, and impulsivity ( the core symptoms of ADHD).

As a result of deficiencies in the transmission of Dopamine and Noradrenaline, those afflicted with ADHD suffer from a spectrum of symptoms which include easy distractibility, poor concentration, poor organizational skills, impulsivity, and often times hyperactivity.

Current research supports the idea that ADHD is an inherited condition involving a genetic defect which results in an imbalance in nerve transmission in the frontal portions of the brain. This genetic defect can be inherited and, in fact, parents of children with ADHD are more likely to be affected with ADHD themselves than the general population.

Medications which effectively treat ADHD generally will modulate Noradrenaline and/or Dopamine transmission in nerve cells. Examples of medications used to treat ADHD include Ritalin (methylphenydate), Adderall (dextroamphetamine salts), Concerta ( timed-release methylphenydate), Strattera ( atomoxetine), Catapress ( clonidine), Tenex (guafacine), and Wellbutrin ( buproprion). Most of the medications used are classified as stimulants; however, Strattera, Catapress, Tenex, and Wellbutrin are non-stimulants.

Treatments can be quite effective. It is not uncommon to see a child with ADHD go from making C�s , D�s, and F�s to making straight A�s with proper treatment. Medications allow the child to be more focused and organized and achieve their full potential. A child�s self esteem and social functioning will also improve .

Adults can suffer from ADHD and are at higher risk for lower socioeconomic status, job difficulties, more frequent job changes, divorce, speeding violations, traffic accidents, underachievement in college, and drug and alcohol abuse.

Before starting treatment, one should have a psychiatric evaluation to confirm the diagnosis of ADHD. Treatment should be individualized to find the right medication for that particular individual. Follow-up visits with the treating psychiatrist will help assess the effectiveness of treatment and monitor for side effects, which are usually mild.

There are several web sites available with information about ADHD.

Two such web sites are